پلماخ

پلماخ (بالعبرية: פלמ"ח اختصارا لعبارة "پلوگوت ماحتص" (פלוגות מחץ) أي السرايا الضاربة) ، هو القوة المتحركة الضاربة التابعة للهگاناه ، الجيش غير الرسمي لليشوڤات (المستوطنات اليهودية) أثناء الانتداب البريطاني على فلسطين. تأسس البلماح في 15 مايو 1941، ونمى حتى حرب 1948 إلى ثلاث ألوية قتالية بالإضافة إلى وحدات جوية وبحرية واستخباراتية. قتل 1169 عنصرا من البلماح بين عامي 1941 و1949 ومن أشهر رجالاته : إسحق ساديه وإيجال ألون وموشيه دايان وإسحق رابين. أسهم البلماح بشكل كبير في الثقافة والشخصية الإسرائيلية. كون أعضائه العمود الفقري لجيش الدفاع الإسرائيلي باحتلالهم مناصب قيادية، بالإضافة إلى بروزهم في السياسة والأدب والثقافة الإسرائيلية.

خلق الجيش الإسرائيلي

التشكيل العسكري

The Palmach was organised into regular companies (six in 1943), and five or six special units. الوحدات الخاصة للپلماخ ضمت:

الفصيلة الألمانية. Ha-Machlaka Ha-Germanit: the "German Department", (aka the Middle East Commando) it performed covert operations and sabotage operations against Nazi infrastructure in the Middle East and the Balkans. Ha-Machlaka Ha-Aravit: the "Arab Department", it performed covert operations and espionage missions against Arab militias, which frequently attacked Jewish settlements. It was the base for the Israeli Defense Forces's and the Border Police's "Mistaarvim" units. Palyam (Sea Companies): the naval force of the Palmach was formed in 1943, attached to the Palmach's Staff Battalion (the 4th Battalion). They were in charge of underwater demolition and maritime activity units. The majority of their activities were related to the escorting of ships of Aliyah Bet, immigration ships (66 of them in all) bringing Jewish refugees from Europe by boat, despite the British White Paper of 1939 which introduced restrictions on Jewish immigration to Palestine. Palavir (The Air Companies): made up of Jewish pilots, the Palmach air force was incorporated into the Sherut Avir (predecessor of the Israeli Air Force) upon the Sherut's foundation in late 1947. Sabotage Units: explosives experts who became the basis for the سلاح المهندسين الإسرائيلي in the IDF. The Palmach put an emphasis on training field commanders (מפקדי שטח) and formed the basis for the Israeli army. During the 1948–49 War of Independence the Palmach was expanded to form three infantry brigades commanded by Yigal Allon: Yiftach, with three battalions operating in Eastern Galilee (1st and 3rd) Harel, with three battalions operating (4th, 5th and 10th) in the Jerusalem area comamnded by Yitzhak Rabin (then age 26). Negev, with four battalions (2nd, 7th, 8th and 9th), one of which was the jeep mounted "Negev Beasts"

commander leading his troops instead of sending them out and staying behind

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